forces.C

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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
  =========                 |
  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
   \\    /   O peration     |
    \\  /    A nd           | www.openfoam.com
     \\/     M anipulation  |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Copyright (C) 2011-2016 OpenFOAM Foundation
    Copyright (C) 2015-2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
 
    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
 
    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
    for more details.
 
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
#include "forces.H"
#include "fvcGrad.H"
#include "porosityModel.H"
#include "turbulentTransportModel.H"
#include "turbulentFluidThermoModel.H"
#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
#include "cartesianCS.H"
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
namespace Foam
{
namespace functionObjects
{
    defineTypeNameAndDebug(forces, 0);
    addToRunTimeSelectionTable(functionObject, forces, dictionary);
}
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * Protected Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
Foam::word Foam::functionObjects::forces::fieldName(const word& name) const
{
    return this->name() + ":" + name;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::createFiles()
{
    // Note: Only possible to create bin files after bins have been initialised
 
    if (writeToFile() && !forceFilePtr_)
    {
        forceFilePtr_ = createFile("force");
        writeIntegratedHeader("Force", forceFilePtr_());
        momentFilePtr_ = createFile("moment");
        writeIntegratedHeader("Moment", momentFilePtr_());
 
        if (nBin_ > 1)
        {
            forceBinFilePtr_ = createFile("forceBin");
            writeBinHeader("Force", forceBinFilePtr_());
            momentBinFilePtr_ = createFile("momentBin");
            writeBinHeader("Moment", momentBinFilePtr_());
        }
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::writeIntegratedHeader
(
    const word& header,
    Ostream& os
) const
{
    writeHeader(os, header);
    writeHeaderValue(os, "CofR", coordSys_.origin());
    writeHeader(os, "");
    writeCommented(os, "Time");
    writeTabbed(os, "(total_x total_y total_z)");
    writeTabbed(os, "(pressure_x pressure_y pressure_z)");
    writeTabbed(os, "(viscous_x viscous_y viscous_z)");
 
    if (porosity_)
    {
        writeTabbed(os, "(porous_x porous_y porous_z)");
    }
 
    os  << endl;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::writeBinHeader
(
    const word& header,
    Ostream& os
) const
{
    writeHeader(os, header + " bins");
    writeHeaderValue(os, "bins", nBin_);
    writeHeaderValue(os, "start", binMin_);
    writeHeaderValue(os, "end", binMax_);
    writeHeaderValue(os, "delta", binDx_);
    writeHeaderValue(os, "direction", binDir_);
 
    vectorField binPoints(nBin_);
    writeCommented(os, "x co-ords  :");
    forAll(binPoints, pointi)
    {
        binPoints[pointi] = (binMin_ + (pointi + 1)*binDx_)*binDir_;
        os  << tab << binPoints[pointi].x();
    }
    os  << nl;
 
    writeCommented(os, "y co-ords  :");
    forAll(binPoints, pointi)
    {
        os  << tab << binPoints[pointi].y();
    }
    os  << nl;
 
    writeCommented(os, "z co-ords  :");
    forAll(binPoints, pointi)
    {
        os  << tab << binPoints[pointi].z();
    }
    os  << nl;
 
    writeHeader(os, "");
    writeCommented(os, "Time");
 
    for (label j = 0; j < nBin_; j++)
    {
        const word jn(Foam::name(j) + ':');
        os  << tab << jn << "(total_x total_y total_z)"
            << tab << jn << "(pressure_x pressure_y pressure_z)"
            << tab << jn << "(viscous_x viscous_y viscous_z)";
 
        if (porosity_)
        {
            os  << tab << jn << "(porous_x porous_y porous_z)";
        }
    }
 
    os << endl;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::setCoordinateSystem
(
    const dictionary& dict,
    const word& e3Name,
    const word& e1Name
)
{
    coordSys_.clear();
 
    if (dict.readIfPresent<point>("CofR", coordSys_.origin()))
    {
        const vector e3 = e3Name == word::null ?
            vector(0, 0, 1) : dict.get<vector>(e3Name);
        const vector e1 = e1Name == word::null ?
            vector(1, 0, 0) : dict.get<vector>(e1Name);
 
        coordSys_ =
            coordSystem::cartesian(coordSys_.origin(), e3, e1);
    }
    else
    {
        // The 'coordinateSystem' sub-dictionary is optional,
        // but enforce use of a cartesian system if not found.
 
        if (dict.found(coordinateSystem::typeName_()))
        {
            // New() for access to indirect (global) coordinate system
            coordSys_ =
                coordinateSystem::New
                (
                    obr_,
                    dict,
                    coordinateSystem::typeName_()
                );
        }
        else
        {
            coordSys_ = coordSystem::cartesian(dict);
        }
    }
 
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::initialise()
{
    if (initialised_)
    {
        return;
    }
 
    if (directForceDensity_)
    {
        if (!foundObject<volVectorField>(fDName_))
        {
            FatalErrorInFunction
                << "Could not find " << fDName_ << " in database"
                << exit(FatalError);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if
        (
            !foundObject<volVectorField>(UName_)
         || !foundObject<volScalarField>(pName_)
 
        )
        {
            FatalErrorInFunction
                << "Could not find U: " << UName_ << " or p:" << pName_
                << " in database"
                << exit(FatalError);
        }
 
        if (rhoName_ != "rhoInf" && !foundObject<volScalarField>(rhoName_))
        {
            FatalErrorInFunction
                << "Could not find rho:" << rhoName_
                << exit(FatalError);
        }
    }
 
    initialiseBins();
 
    initialised_ = true;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::initialiseBins()
{
    if (nBin_ > 1)
    {
        const polyBoundaryMesh& pbm = mesh_.boundaryMesh();
 
        // Determine extents of patches
        scalar geomMin = GREAT;
        scalar geomMax = -GREAT;
        for (const label patchi : patchSet_)
        {
            const polyPatch& pp = pbm[patchi];
            scalarField d(pp.faceCentres() & binDir_);
            geomMin = min(min(d), geomMin);
            geomMax = max(max(d), geomMax);
        }
 
        // Include porosity
        if (porosity_)
        {
            const HashTable<const porosityModel*> models =
                obr_.lookupClass<porosityModel>();
 
            const scalarField dd(mesh_.C() & binDir_);
 
            forAllConstIters(models, iter)
            {
                const porosityModel& pm = *iter();
                const labelList& cellZoneIDs = pm.cellZoneIDs();
 
                for (const label zonei : cellZoneIDs)
                {
                    const cellZone& cZone = mesh_.cellZones()[zonei];
                    const scalarField d(dd, cZone);
                    geomMin = min(min(d), geomMin);
                    geomMax = max(max(d), geomMax);
                }
            }
        }
 
        reduce(geomMin, minOp<scalar>());
        reduce(geomMax, maxOp<scalar>());
 
        // Slightly boost max so that region of interest is fully within bounds
        geomMax = 1.0001*(geomMax - geomMin) + geomMin;
 
        // Use geometry limits if not specified by the user
        if (binMin_ == GREAT)
        {
            binMin_ = geomMin;
        }
        if (binMax_ == GREAT)
        {
            binMax_ = geomMax;
        }
 
        binDx_ = (binMax_ - binMin_)/scalar(nBin_);
 
        // Create the bin mid-points used for writing
        binPoints_.setSize(nBin_);
        forAll(binPoints_, i)
        {
            binPoints_[i] = (i + 0.5)*binDir_*binDx_;
        }
    }
 
    // Allocate storage for forces and moments
    forAll(force_, i)
    {
        force_[i].setSize(nBin_, vector::zero);
        moment_[i].setSize(nBin_, vector::zero);
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::resetFields()
{
    force_[0] = Zero;
    force_[1] = Zero;
    force_[2] = Zero;
 
    moment_[0] = Zero;
    moment_[1] = Zero;
    moment_[2] = Zero;
 
    if (writeFields_)
    {
        volVectorField& force =
            lookupObjectRef<volVectorField>(fieldName("force"));
 
        force == dimensionedVector(force.dimensions(), Zero);
 
        volVectorField& moment =
            lookupObjectRef<volVectorField>(fieldName("moment"));
 
        moment == dimensionedVector(moment.dimensions(), Zero);
    }
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volSymmTensorField>
Foam::functionObjects::forces::devRhoReff() const
{
    typedef compressible::turbulenceModel cmpTurbModel;
    typedef incompressible::turbulenceModel icoTurbModel;
 
    if (foundObject<cmpTurbModel>(cmpTurbModel::propertiesName))
    {
        const cmpTurbModel& turb =
            lookupObject<cmpTurbModel>(cmpTurbModel::propertiesName);
 
        return turb.devRhoReff();
    }
    else if (foundObject<icoTurbModel>(icoTurbModel::propertiesName))
    {
        const incompressible::turbulenceModel& turb =
            lookupObject<icoTurbModel>(icoTurbModel::propertiesName);
 
        return rho()*turb.devReff();
    }
    else if (foundObject<fluidThermo>(fluidThermo::dictName))
    {
        const fluidThermo& thermo =
            lookupObject<fluidThermo>(fluidThermo::dictName);
 
        const volVectorField& U = lookupObject<volVectorField>(UName_);
 
        return -thermo.mu()*dev(twoSymm(fvc::grad(U)));
    }
    else if (foundObject<transportModel>("transportProperties"))
    {
        const transportModel& laminarT =
            lookupObject<transportModel>("transportProperties");
 
        const volVectorField& U = lookupObject<volVectorField>(UName_);
 
        return -rho()*laminarT.nu()*dev(twoSymm(fvc::grad(U)));
    }
    else if (foundObject<dictionary>("transportProperties"))
    {
        const dictionary& transportProperties =
            lookupObject<dictionary>("transportProperties");
 
        dimensionedScalar nu("nu", dimViscosity, transportProperties);
 
        const volVectorField& U = lookupObject<volVectorField>(UName_);
 
        return -rho()*nu*dev(twoSymm(fvc::grad(U)));
    }
    else
    {
        FatalErrorInFunction
            << "No valid model for viscous stress calculation"
            << exit(FatalError);
 
        return volSymmTensorField::null();
    }
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::functionObjects::forces::mu() const
{
    if (foundObject<fluidThermo>(basicThermo::dictName))
    {
        const fluidThermo& thermo =
             lookupObject<fluidThermo>(basicThermo::dictName);
 
        return thermo.mu();
    }
    else if (foundObject<transportModel>("transportProperties"))
    {
        const transportModel& laminarT =
            lookupObject<transportModel>("transportProperties");
 
        return rho()*laminarT.nu();
    }
    else if (foundObject<dictionary>("transportProperties"))
    {
        const dictionary& transportProperties =
             lookupObject<dictionary>("transportProperties");
 
        dimensionedScalar nu("nu", dimViscosity, transportProperties);
 
        return rho()*nu;
    }
    else
    {
        FatalErrorInFunction
            << "No valid model for dynamic viscosity calculation"
            << exit(FatalError);
 
        return volScalarField::null();
    }
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::functionObjects::forces::rho() const
{
    if (rhoName_ == "rhoInf")
    {
        return tmp<volScalarField>::New
        (
            IOobject
            (
                "rho",
                mesh_.time().timeName(),
                mesh_
            ),
            mesh_,
            dimensionedScalar("rho", dimDensity, rhoRef_)
        );
    }
 
    return(lookupObject<volScalarField>(rhoName_));
}
 
 
Foam::scalar Foam::functionObjects::forces::rho(const volScalarField& p) const
{
    if (p.dimensions() == dimPressure)
    {
        return 1.0;
    }
 
    if (rhoName_ != "rhoInf")
    {
        FatalErrorInFunction
            << "Dynamic pressure is expected but kinematic is provided."
            << exit(FatalError);
    }
 
    return rhoRef_;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::applyBins
(
    const vectorField& Md,
    const vectorField& fN,
    const vectorField& fT,
    const vectorField& fP,
    const vectorField& d
)
{
    if (nBin_ == 1)
    {
        force_[0][0] += sum(fN);
        force_[1][0] += sum(fT);
        force_[2][0] += sum(fP);
        moment_[0][0] += sum(Md^fN);
        moment_[1][0] += sum(Md^fT);
        moment_[2][0] += sum(Md^fP);
    }
    else
    {
        scalarField dd((d & binDir_) - binMin_);
 
        forAll(dd, i)
        {
            label bini = min(max(floor(dd[i]/binDx_), 0), force_[0].size() - 1);
 
            force_[0][bini] += fN[i];
            force_[1][bini] += fT[i];
            force_[2][bini] += fP[i];
            moment_[0][bini] += Md[i]^fN[i];
            moment_[1][bini] += Md[i]^fT[i];
            moment_[2][bini] += Md[i]^fP[i];
        }
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::addToFields
(
    const label patchi,
    const vectorField& Md,
    const vectorField& fN,
    const vectorField& fT,
    const vectorField& fP
)
{
    if (!writeFields_)
    {
        return;
    }
 
    auto& force = lookupObjectRef<volVectorField>(fieldName("force"));
    vectorField& pf = force.boundaryFieldRef()[patchi];
    pf += fN + fT + fP;
 
    auto& moment = lookupObjectRef<volVectorField>(fieldName("moment"));
    vectorField& pm = moment.boundaryFieldRef()[patchi];
    pm = Md^pf;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::addToFields
(
    const labelList& cellIDs,
    const vectorField& Md,
    const vectorField& fN,
    const vectorField& fT,
    const vectorField& fP
)
{
    if (!writeFields_)
    {
        return;
    }
 
    auto& force = lookupObjectRef<volVectorField>(fieldName("force"));
    auto& moment = lookupObjectRef<volVectorField>(fieldName("moment"));
 
    forAll(cellIDs, i)
    {
        label celli = cellIDs[i];
        force[celli] += fN[i] + fT[i] + fP[i];
        moment[celli] = Md[i]^force[celli];
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::writeIntegratedForceMoment
(
    const string& descriptor,
    const vectorField& fm0,
    const vectorField& fm1,
    const vectorField& fm2,
    autoPtr<OFstream>& osPtr
) const
{
    vector pressure = sum(fm0);
    vector viscous = sum(fm1);
    vector porous = sum(fm2);
    vector total = pressure + viscous + porous;
 
    Log << "    Sum of " << descriptor.c_str() << nl
        << "        Total    : " << total << nl
        << "        Pressure : " << pressure << nl
        << "        Viscous  : " << viscous << nl;
 
    if (porosity_)
    {
        Log << "        Porous   : " << porous << nl;
    }
 
    if (writeToFile())
    {
        Ostream& os = osPtr();
 
        writeCurrentTime(os);
 
        os  << tab << total
            << tab << pressure
            << tab << viscous;
 
        if (porosity_)
        {
            os  << tab << porous;
        }
 
        os  << endl;
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::writeForces()
{
    Log << type() << " " << name() << " write:" << nl;
 
    writeIntegratedForceMoment
    (
        "forces",
        coordSys_.localVector(force_[0]),
        coordSys_.localVector(force_[1]),
        coordSys_.localVector(force_[2]),
        forceFilePtr_
    );
 
    writeIntegratedForceMoment
    (
        "moments",
        coordSys_.localVector(moment_[0]),
        coordSys_.localVector(moment_[1]),
        coordSys_.localVector(moment_[2]),
        momentFilePtr_
    );
 
    Log << endl;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::writeBinnedForceMoment
(
    const List<Field<vector>>& fm,
    autoPtr<OFstream>& osPtr
) const
{
    if ((nBin_ == 1) || !writeToFile())
    {
        return;
    }
 
    List<Field<vector>> f(fm);
 
    if (binCumulative_)
    {
        for (label i = 1; i < f[0].size(); i++)
        {
            f[0][i] += f[0][i-1];
            f[1][i] += f[1][i-1];
            f[2][i] += f[2][i-1];
        }
    }
 
    Ostream& os = osPtr();
 
    writeCurrentTime(os);
 
    forAll(f[0], i)
    {
        vector total = f[0][i] + f[1][i] + f[2][i];
 
        os  << tab << total
            << tab << f[0][i]
            << tab << f[1][i];
 
        if (porosity_)
        {
            os  << tab << f[2][i];
        }
    }
 
    os  << nl;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::writeBins()
{
    List<Field<vector>> lf(3);
    List<Field<vector>> lm(3);
    lf[0] = coordSys_.localVector(force_[0]);
    lf[1] = coordSys_.localVector(force_[1]);
    lf[2] = coordSys_.localVector(force_[2]);
    lm[0] = coordSys_.localVector(moment_[0]);
    lm[1] = coordSys_.localVector(moment_[1]);
    lm[2] = coordSys_.localVector(moment_[2]);
 
    writeBinnedForceMoment(lf, forceBinFilePtr_);
    writeBinnedForceMoment(lm, momentBinFilePtr_);
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
Foam::functionObjects::forces::forces
(
    const word& name,
    const Time& runTime,
    const dictionary& dict,
    bool readFields
)
:
    fvMeshFunctionObject(name, runTime, dict),
    writeFile(mesh_, name),
    force_(3),
    moment_(3),
    forceFilePtr_(),
    momentFilePtr_(),
    forceBinFilePtr_(),
    momentBinFilePtr_(),
    patchSet_(),
    pName_("p"),
    UName_("U"),
    rhoName_("rho"),
    directForceDensity_(false),
    fDName_("fD"),
    rhoRef_(VGREAT),
    pRef_(0),
    coordSys_(),
    porosity_(false),
    nBin_(1),
    binDir_(Zero),
    binDx_(0),
    binMin_(GREAT),
    binMax_(GREAT),
    binPoints_(),
    binCumulative_(true),
    writeFields_(false),
    initialised_(false)
{
    if (readFields)
    {
        read(dict);
        setCoordinateSystem(dict);
        Log << endl;
    }
}
 
 
Foam::functionObjects::forces::forces
(
    const word& name,
    const objectRegistry& obr,
    const dictionary& dict,
    bool readFields
)
:
    fvMeshFunctionObject(name, obr, dict),
    writeFile(mesh_, name),
    force_(3),
    moment_(3),
    forceFilePtr_(),
    momentFilePtr_(),
    forceBinFilePtr_(),
    momentBinFilePtr_(),
    patchSet_(),
    pName_("p"),
    UName_("U"),
    rhoName_("rho"),
    directForceDensity_(false),
    fDName_("fD"),
    rhoRef_(VGREAT),
    pRef_(0),
    coordSys_(),
    porosity_(false),
    nBin_(1),
    binDir_(Zero),
    binDx_(0),
    binMin_(GREAT),
    binMax_(GREAT),
    binPoints_(),
    binCumulative_(true),
    writeFields_(false),
    initialised_(false)
{
    if (readFields)
    {
        read(dict);
        setCoordinateSystem(dict);
        Log << endl;
    }
 
/*
    // Turn off writing to file
    writeToFile_ = false;
 
    forAll(force_, i)
    {
        force_[i].setSize(nBin_, vector::zero);
        moment_[i].setSize(nBin_, vector::zero);
    }
*/
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
bool Foam::functionObjects::forces::read(const dictionary& dict)
{
    fvMeshFunctionObject::read(dict);
    writeFile::read(dict);
 
    initialised_ = false;
 
    Info<< type() << " " << name() << ":" << nl;
 
    directForceDensity_ = dict.getOrDefault("directForceDensity", false);
 
    patchSet_ =
        mesh_.boundaryMesh().patchSet
        (
            dict.get<wordRes>("patches")
        );
 
    if (directForceDensity_)
    {
        // Optional entry for fDName
        if (dict.readIfPresent<word>("fD", fDName_))
        {
            Info<< "    fD: " << fDName_ << endl;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // Optional field name entries
        if (dict.readIfPresent<word>("p", pName_))
        {
            Info<< "    p: " << pName_ << endl;
        }
        if (dict.readIfPresent<word>("U", UName_))
        {
            Info<< "    U: " << UName_ << endl;
        }
        if (dict.readIfPresent<word>("rho", rhoName_))
        {
            Info<< "    rho: " << rhoName_ << endl;
        }
 
        // Reference density needed for incompressible calculations
        if (rhoName_ == "rhoInf")
        {
            rhoRef_ = dict.get<scalar>("rhoInf");
            Info<< "    Freestream density (rhoInf) set to " << rhoRef_ << endl;
        }
 
        // Reference pressure, 0 by default
        if (dict.readIfPresent<scalar>("pRef", pRef_))
        {
            Info<< "    Reference pressure (pRef) set to " << pRef_ << endl;
        }
    }
 
    dict.readIfPresent("porosity", porosity_);
    if (porosity_)
    {
        Info<< "    Including porosity effects" << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        Info<< "    Not including porosity effects" << endl;
    }
 
    if (dict.found("binData"))
    {
        Info<< "    Activated data bins" << endl;
        const dictionary& binDict(dict.subDict("binData"));
        nBin_ = binDict.get<label>("nBin");
 
        if (nBin_ < 0)
        {
            FatalIOErrorInFunction(dict)
                << "Number of bins (nBin) must be zero or greater"
                << exit(FatalIOError);
        }
        else if (nBin_ == 0)
        {
            // Case of no bins equates to a single bin to collect all data
            nBin_ = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            Info<< "    Employing " << nBin_ << " bins" << endl;
            if (binDict.readIfPresent("min", binMin_))
            {
                Info<< "    - min         : " << binMin_ << endl;
            }
            if (binDict.readIfPresent("max", binMax_))
            {
                Info<< "    - max         : " << binMax_ << endl;
            }
 
            binCumulative_ = binDict.get<bool>("cumulative");
            Info<< "    - cumuluative : " << binCumulative_ << endl;
 
            binDir_ = binDict.get<vector>("direction");
            binDir_.normalise();
            Info<< "    - direction   : " << binDir_ << endl;
        }
    }
 
    writeFields_ = dict.getOrDefault("writeFields", false);
 
    if (writeFields_)
    {
        Info<< "    Fields will be written" << endl;
 
        volVectorField* forcePtr
        (
            new volVectorField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    fieldName("force"),
                    time_.timeName(),
                    mesh_,
                    IOobject::NO_READ,
                    IOobject::NO_WRITE
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedVector(dimForce, Zero)
            )
        );
 
        mesh_.objectRegistry::store(forcePtr);
 
        volVectorField* momentPtr
        (
            new volVectorField
            (
                IOobject
                (
                    fieldName("moment"),
                    time_.timeName(),
                    mesh_,
                    IOobject::NO_READ,
                    IOobject::NO_WRITE
                ),
                mesh_,
                dimensionedVector(dimForce*dimLength, Zero)
            )
        );
 
        mesh_.objectRegistry::store(momentPtr);
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
 
void Foam::functionObjects::forces::calcForcesMoment()
{
    initialise();
 
    resetFields();
 
    if (directForceDensity_)
    {
        const volVectorField& fD = lookupObject<volVectorField>(fDName_);
 
        const surfaceVectorField::Boundary& Sfb = mesh_.Sf().boundaryField();
 
        for (const label patchi : patchSet_)
        {
            vectorField Md
            (
                mesh_.C().boundaryField()[patchi] - coordSys_.origin()
            );
 
            scalarField sA(mag(Sfb[patchi]));
 
            // Normal force = surfaceUnitNormal*(surfaceNormal & forceDensity)
            vectorField fN
            (
                Sfb[patchi]/sA
               *(
                    Sfb[patchi] & fD.boundaryField()[patchi]
                )
            );
 
            // Tangential force (total force minus normal fN)
            vectorField fT(sA*fD.boundaryField()[patchi] - fN);
 
            // Porous force
            vectorField fP(Md.size(), Zero);
 
            addToFields(patchi, Md, fN, fT, fP);
 
            applyBins(Md, fN, fT, fP, mesh_.C().boundaryField()[patchi]);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        const volScalarField& p = lookupObject<volScalarField>(pName_);
 
        const surfaceVectorField::Boundary& Sfb = mesh_.Sf().boundaryField();
 
        tmp<volSymmTensorField> tdevRhoReff = devRhoReff();
        const volSymmTensorField::Boundary& devRhoReffb
            = tdevRhoReff().boundaryField();
 
        // Scale pRef by density for incompressible simulations
        scalar pRef = pRef_/rho(p);
 
        for (const label patchi : patchSet_)
        {
            vectorField Md
            (
                mesh_.C().boundaryField()[patchi] - coordSys_.origin()
            );
 
            vectorField fN
            (
                rho(p)*Sfb[patchi]*(p.boundaryField()[patchi] - pRef)
            );
 
            vectorField fT(Sfb[patchi] & devRhoReffb[patchi]);
 
            vectorField fP(Md.size(), Zero);
 
            addToFields(patchi, Md, fN, fT, fP);
 
            applyBins(Md, fN, fT, fP, mesh_.C().boundaryField()[patchi]);
        }
    }
 
    if (porosity_)
    {
        const volVectorField& U = lookupObject<volVectorField>(UName_);
        const volScalarField rho(this->rho());
        const volScalarField mu(this->mu());
 
        const HashTable<const porosityModel*> models =
            obr_.lookupClass<porosityModel>();
 
        if (models.empty())
        {
            WarningInFunction
                << "Porosity effects requested, but no porosity models found "
                << "in the database"
                << endl;
        }
 
        forAllConstIters(models, iter)
        {
            // Non-const access required if mesh is changing
            porosityModel& pm = const_cast<porosityModel&>(*iter());
 
            vectorField fPTot(pm.force(U, rho, mu));
 
            const labelList& cellZoneIDs = pm.cellZoneIDs();
 
            for (const label zonei : cellZoneIDs)
            {
                const cellZone& cZone = mesh_.cellZones()[zonei];
 
                const vectorField d(mesh_.C(), cZone);
                const vectorField fP(fPTot, cZone);
                const vectorField Md(d - coordSys_.origin());
 
                const vectorField fDummy(Md.size(), Zero);
 
                addToFields(cZone, Md, fDummy, fDummy, fP);
 
                applyBins(Md, fDummy, fDummy, fP, d);
            }
        }
    }
 
    Pstream::listCombineGather(force_, plusEqOp<vectorField>());
    Pstream::listCombineGather(moment_, plusEqOp<vectorField>());
    Pstream::listCombineScatter(force_);
    Pstream::listCombineScatter(moment_);
}
 
 
Foam::vector Foam::functionObjects::forces::forceEff() const
{
    return sum(force_[0]) + sum(force_[1]) + sum(force_[2]);
}
 
 
Foam::vector Foam::functionObjects::forces::momentEff() const
{
    return sum(moment_[0]) + sum(moment_[1]) + sum(moment_[2]);
}
 
 
bool Foam::functionObjects::forces::execute()
{
    calcForcesMoment();
 
    if (Pstream::master())
    {
        createFiles();
 
        writeForces();
 
        writeBins();
 
        Log << endl;
    }
 
    // Write state/results information
    setResult("normalForce", sum(force_[0]));
    setResult("tangentialForce", sum(force_[1]));
    setResult("porousForce", sum(force_[2]));
 
    setResult("normalMoment", sum(moment_[0]));
    setResult("tangentialMoment", sum(moment_[1]));
    setResult("porousMoment", sum(moment_[2]));
 
    return true;
}
 
 
bool Foam::functionObjects::forces::write()
{
    if (writeFields_)
    {
        lookupObject<volVectorField>(fieldName("force")).write();
        lookupObject<volVectorField>(fieldName("moment")).write();
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
 
// ************************************************************************* //