multiphaseMixtureThermo.C

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
  =========                 |
  \\      /  F ield         | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
   \\    /   O peration     |
    \\  /    A nd           | www.openfoam.com
     \\/     M anipulation  |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Copyright (C) 2013-2017 OpenFOAM Foundation
    Copyright (C) 2020 OpenCFD Ltd.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
License
    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
 
    OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
 
    OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
    ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
    for more details.
 
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with OpenFOAM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
#include "multiphaseMixtureThermo.H"
#include "alphaContactAngleFvPatchScalarField.H"
#include "Time.H"
#include "subCycle.H"
#include "MULES.H"
#include "fvcDiv.H"
#include "fvcGrad.H"
#include "fvcSnGrad.H"
#include "fvcFlux.H"
#include "fvcMeshPhi.H"
#include "surfaceInterpolate.H"
#include "unitConversion.H"
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
namespace Foam
{
    defineTypeNameAndDebug(multiphaseMixtureThermo, 0);
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * Private Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
void Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::calcAlphas()
{
    scalar level = 0.0;
    alphas_ == 0.0;
 
    for (const phaseModel& phase : phases_)
    {
        alphas_ += level * phase;
        level += 1.0;
    }
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::multiphaseMixtureThermo
(
    const volVectorField& U,
    const surfaceScalarField& phi
)
:
    psiThermo(U.mesh(), word::null),
    phases_(lookup("phases"), phaseModel::iNew(p_, T_)),
 
    mesh_(U.mesh()),
    U_(U),
    phi_(phi),
 
    rhoPhi_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "rhoPhi",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::NO_READ,
            IOobject::NO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/dimTime, Zero)
    ),
 
    alphas_
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "alphas",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_,
            IOobject::NO_READ,
            IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimless, Zero)
    ),
 
    sigmas_(lookup("sigmas")),
    dimSigma_(1, 0, -2, 0, 0),
    deltaN_
    (
        "deltaN",
        1e-8/cbrt(average(mesh_.V()))
    )
{
    rhoPhi_.setOriented();
    calcAlphas();
    alphas_.write();
    correct();
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
void Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::correct()
{
    for (phaseModel& phase : phases_)
    {
        phase.correct();
    }
 
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    psi_ = phasei()*phasei().thermo().psi();
    mu_ = phasei()*phasei().thermo().mu();
    alpha_ = phasei()*phasei().thermo().alpha();
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        psi_ += phasei()*phasei().thermo().psi();
        mu_ += phasei()*phasei().thermo().mu();
        alpha_ += phasei()*phasei().thermo().alpha();
    }
}
 
 
void Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::correctRho(const volScalarField& dp)
{
    for (phaseModel& phase : phases_)
    {
        phase.thermo().rho() += phase.thermo().psi()*dp;
    }
}
 
 
Foam::word Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::thermoName() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    word name = phasei().thermo().thermoName();
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        name += ',' + phasei().thermo().thermoName();
    }
 
    return name;
}
 
 
bool Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::incompressible() const
{
    for (const phaseModel& phase : phases_)
    {
        if (!phase.thermo().incompressible())
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
 
bool Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::isochoric() const
{
    for (const phaseModel& phase : phases_)
    {
        if (!phase.thermo().isochoric())
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::he
(
    const volScalarField& p,
    const volScalarField& T
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> the(phasei()*phasei().thermo().he(p, T));
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        the.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().he(p, T);
    }
 
    return the;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::he
(
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T,
    const labelList& cells
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> the
    (
        scalarField(phasei(), cells)*phasei().thermo().he(p, T, cells)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        the.ref() +=
            scalarField(phasei(), cells)*phasei().thermo().he(p, T, cells);
    }
 
    return the;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::he
(
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> the
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().he(p, T, patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        the.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().he(p, T, patchi);
    }
 
    return the;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::hc() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> thc(phasei()*phasei().thermo().hc());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        thc.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().hc();
    }
 
    return thc;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::THE
(
    const scalarField& h,
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T0,
    const labelList& cells
) const
{
    NotImplemented;
    return T0;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::THE
(
    const scalarField& h,
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T0,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    NotImplemented;
    return T0;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::rho() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> trho(phasei()*phasei().thermo().rho());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        trho.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().rho();
    }
 
    return trho;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::rho
(
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> trho
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().rho(patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        trho.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().rho(patchi);
    }
 
    return trho;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::Cp() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tCp(phasei()*phasei().thermo().Cp());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tCp.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().Cp();
    }
 
    return tCp;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::Cp
(
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> tCp
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().Cp(p, T, patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tCp.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().Cp(p, T, patchi);
    }
 
    return tCp;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::Cv() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tCv(phasei()*phasei().thermo().Cv());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tCv.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().Cv();
    }
 
    return tCv;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::Cv
(
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> tCv
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().Cv(p, T, patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tCv.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().Cv(p, T, patchi);
    }
 
    return tCv;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::gamma() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tgamma(phasei()*phasei().thermo().gamma());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tgamma.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().gamma();
    }
 
    return tgamma;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::gamma
(
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> tgamma
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().gamma(p, T, patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tgamma.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
           *phasei().thermo().gamma(p, T, patchi);
    }
 
    return tgamma;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::Cpv() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tCpv(phasei()*phasei().thermo().Cpv());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tCpv.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().Cpv();
    }
 
    return tCpv;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::Cpv
(
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> tCpv
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().Cpv(p, T, patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tCpv.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
           *phasei().thermo().Cpv(p, T, patchi);
    }
 
    return tCpv;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::CpByCpv() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tCpByCpv(phasei()*phasei().thermo().CpByCpv());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tCpByCpv.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().CpByCpv();
    }
 
    return tCpByCpv;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::CpByCpv
(
    const scalarField& p,
    const scalarField& T,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> tCpByCpv
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().CpByCpv(p, T, patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tCpByCpv.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
           *phasei().thermo().CpByCpv(p, T, patchi);
    }
 
    return tCpByCpv;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::W() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tW(phasei()*phasei().thermo().W());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tW.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().W();
    }
 
    return tW;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::nu() const
{
    return mu()/rho();
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::nu
(
    const label patchi
) const
{
    return mu(patchi)/rho(patchi);
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::kappa() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tkappa(phasei()*phasei().thermo().kappa());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tkappa.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().kappa();
    }
 
    return tkappa;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::kappa
(
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> tkappa
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().kappa(patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tkappa.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]*phasei().thermo().kappa(patchi);
    }
 
    return tkappa;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::alphahe() const
{
    PtrDictionary<phaseModel>::const_iterator phasei = phases_.begin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> talphaEff(phasei()*phasei().thermo().alphahe());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.end(); ++phasei)
    {
        talphaEff.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().alphahe();
    }
 
    return talphaEff;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::alphahe
(
    const label patchi
) const
{
    PtrDictionary<phaseModel>::const_iterator phasei = phases_.begin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> talphaEff
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
       *phasei().thermo().alphahe(patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.end(); ++phasei)
    {
        talphaEff.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
           *phasei().thermo().alphahe(patchi);
    }
 
    return talphaEff;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::kappaEff
(
    const volScalarField& alphat
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tkappaEff(phasei()*phasei().thermo().kappaEff(alphat));
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tkappaEff.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().kappaEff(alphat);
    }
 
    return tkappaEff;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::kappaEff
(
    const scalarField& alphat,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> tkappaEff
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
       *phasei().thermo().kappaEff(alphat, patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        tkappaEff.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
           *phasei().thermo().kappaEff(alphat, patchi);
    }
 
    return tkappaEff;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::alphaEff
(
    const volScalarField& alphat
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> talphaEff(phasei()*phasei().thermo().alphaEff(alphat));
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        talphaEff.ref() += phasei()*phasei().thermo().alphaEff(alphat);
    }
 
    return talphaEff;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::alphaEff
(
    const scalarField& alphat,
    const label patchi
) const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<scalarField> talphaEff
    (
        phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
       *phasei().thermo().alphaEff(alphat, patchi)
    );
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        talphaEff.ref() +=
            phasei().boundaryField()[patchi]
           *phasei().thermo().alphaEff(alphat, patchi);
    }
 
    return talphaEff;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::rCv() const
{
    auto phasei = phases_.cbegin();
 
    tmp<volScalarField> trCv(phasei()/phasei().thermo().Cv());
 
    for (++phasei; phasei != phases_.cend(); ++phasei)
    {
        trCv.ref() += phasei()/phasei().thermo().Cv();
    }
 
    return trCv;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::surfaceScalarField>
Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::surfaceTensionForce() const
{
    tmp<surfaceScalarField> tstf
    (
        new surfaceScalarField
        (
            IOobject
            (
                "surfaceTensionForce",
                mesh_.time().timeName(),
                mesh_
            ),
            mesh_,
            dimensionedScalar(dimensionSet(1, -2, -2, 0, 0), Zero)
        )
    );
 
    surfaceScalarField& stf = tstf.ref();
    stf.setOriented();
 
    forAllConstIters(phases_, phase1)
    {
        const phaseModel& alpha1 = *phase1;
 
        auto phase2 = phase1;
 
        for (++phase2; phase2 != phases_.cend(); ++phase2)
        {
            const phaseModel& alpha2 = *phase2;
 
            auto sigma = sigmas_.cfind(interfacePair(alpha1, alpha2));
 
            if (!sigma.found())
            {
                FatalErrorInFunction
                    << "Cannot find interface " << interfacePair(alpha1, alpha2)
                    << " in list of sigma values"
                    << exit(FatalError);
            }
 
            stf += dimensionedScalar("sigma", dimSigma_, *sigma)
               *fvc::interpolate(K(alpha1, alpha2))*
                (
                    fvc::interpolate(alpha2)*fvc::snGrad(alpha1)
                  - fvc::interpolate(alpha1)*fvc::snGrad(alpha2)
                );
        }
    }
 
    return tstf;
}
 
 
void Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::solve()
{
    const Time& runTime = mesh_.time();
 
    const dictionary& alphaControls = mesh_.solverDict("alpha");
    label nAlphaSubCycles(alphaControls.get<label>("nAlphaSubCycles"));
    scalar cAlpha(alphaControls.get<scalar>("cAlpha"));
 
    volScalarField& alpha = phases_.first();
 
    if (nAlphaSubCycles > 1)
    {
        surfaceScalarField rhoPhiSum(0.0*rhoPhi_);
        dimensionedScalar totalDeltaT = runTime.deltaT();
 
        for
        (
            subCycle<volScalarField> alphaSubCycle(alpha, nAlphaSubCycles);
            !(++alphaSubCycle).end();
        )
        {
            solveAlphas(cAlpha);
            rhoPhiSum += (runTime.deltaT()/totalDeltaT)*rhoPhi_;
        }
 
        rhoPhi_ = rhoPhiSum;
    }
    else
    {
        solveAlphas(cAlpha);
    }
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::surfaceVectorField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::nHatfv
(
    const volScalarField& alpha1,
    const volScalarField& alpha2
) const
{
    /*
    // Cell gradient of alpha
    volVectorField gradAlpha =
        alpha2*fvc::grad(alpha1) - alpha1*fvc::grad(alpha2);
 
    // Interpolated face-gradient of alpha
    surfaceVectorField gradAlphaf = fvc::interpolate(gradAlpha);
    */
 
    surfaceVectorField gradAlphaf
    (
        fvc::interpolate(alpha2)*fvc::interpolate(fvc::grad(alpha1))
      - fvc::interpolate(alpha1)*fvc::interpolate(fvc::grad(alpha2))
    );
 
    // Face unit interface normal
    return gradAlphaf/(mag(gradAlphaf) + deltaN_);
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::surfaceScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::nHatf
(
    const volScalarField& alpha1,
    const volScalarField& alpha2
) const
{
    // Face unit interface normal flux
    return nHatfv(alpha1, alpha2) & mesh_.Sf();
}
 
 
// Correction for the boundary condition on the unit normal nHat on
// walls to produce the correct contact angle.
 
// The dynamic contact angle is calculated from the component of the
// velocity on the direction of the interface, parallel to the wall.
 
void Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::correctContactAngle
(
    const phaseModel& alpha1,
    const phaseModel& alpha2,
    surfaceVectorField::Boundary& nHatb
) const
{
    const volScalarField::Boundary& gbf
        = alpha1.boundaryField();
 
    const fvBoundaryMesh& boundary = mesh_.boundary();
 
    forAll(boundary, patchi)
    {
        if (isA<alphaContactAngleFvPatchScalarField>(gbf[patchi]))
        {
            const alphaContactAngleFvPatchScalarField& acap =
                refCast<const alphaContactAngleFvPatchScalarField>(gbf[patchi]);
 
            vectorField& nHatPatch = nHatb[patchi];
 
            vectorField AfHatPatch
            (
                mesh_.Sf().boundaryField()[patchi]
               /mesh_.magSf().boundaryField()[patchi]
            );
 
            const auto tp =
                acap.thetaProps().cfind(interfacePair(alpha1, alpha2));
 
            if (!tp.found())
            {
                FatalErrorInFunction
                    << "Cannot find interface " << interfacePair(alpha1, alpha2)
                    << "\n    in table of theta properties for patch "
                    << acap.patch().name()
                    << exit(FatalError);
            }
 
            const bool matched = (tp.key().first() == alpha1.name());
 
            const scalar theta0 = degToRad(tp().theta0(matched));
            scalarField theta(boundary[patchi].size(), theta0);
 
            const scalar uTheta = tp().uTheta();
 
            // Calculate the dynamic contact angle if required
            if (uTheta > SMALL)
            {
                const scalar thetaA = degToRad(tp().thetaA(matched));
                const scalar thetaR = degToRad(tp().thetaR(matched));
 
                // Calculated the component of the velocity parallel to the wall
                vectorField Uwall
                (
                    U_.boundaryField()[patchi].patchInternalField()
                  - U_.boundaryField()[patchi]
                );
                Uwall -= (AfHatPatch & Uwall)*AfHatPatch;
 
                // Find the direction of the interface parallel to the wall
                vectorField nWall
                (
                    nHatPatch - (AfHatPatch & nHatPatch)*AfHatPatch
                );
 
                // Normalise nWall
                nWall /= (mag(nWall) + SMALL);
 
                // Calculate Uwall resolved normal to the interface parallel to
                // the interface
                scalarField uwall(nWall & Uwall);
 
                theta += (thetaA - thetaR)*tanh(uwall/uTheta);
            }
 
 
            // Reset nHatPatch to correspond to the contact angle
 
            scalarField a12(nHatPatch & AfHatPatch);
 
            scalarField b1(cos(theta));
 
            scalarField b2(nHatPatch.size());
 
            forAll(b2, facei)
            {
                b2[facei] = cos(acos(a12[facei]) - theta[facei]);
            }
 
            scalarField det(1.0 - a12*a12);
 
            scalarField a((b1 - a12*b2)/det);
            scalarField b((b2 - a12*b1)/det);
 
            nHatPatch = a*AfHatPatch + b*nHatPatch;
 
            nHatPatch /= (mag(nHatPatch) + deltaN_.value());
        }
    }
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::K
(
    const phaseModel& alpha1,
    const phaseModel& alpha2
) const
{
    tmp<surfaceVectorField> tnHatfv = nHatfv(alpha1, alpha2);
 
    correctContactAngle(alpha1, alpha2, tnHatfv.ref().boundaryFieldRef());
 
    // Simple expression for curvature
    return -fvc::div(tnHatfv & mesh_.Sf());
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::nearInterface() const
{
    tmp<volScalarField> tnearInt
    (
        new volScalarField
        (
            IOobject
            (
                "nearInterface",
                mesh_.time().timeName(),
                mesh_
            ),
            mesh_,
            dimensionedScalar(dimless, Zero)
        )
    );
 
    for (const phaseModel& phase : phases_)
    {
        tnearInt.ref() =
            max(tnearInt(), pos0(phase - 0.01)*pos0(0.99 - phase));
    }
 
    return tnearInt;
}
 
 
void Foam::multiphaseMixtureThermo::solveAlphas
(
    const scalar cAlpha
)
{
    static label nSolves(-1);
    ++nSolves;
 
    const word alphaScheme("div(phi,alpha)");
    const word alpharScheme("div(phirb,alpha)");
 
    surfaceScalarField phic(mag(phi_/mesh_.magSf()));
    phic = min(cAlpha*phic, max(phic));
 
    PtrList<surfaceScalarField> alphaPhiCorrs(phases_.size());
 
    int phasei = 0;
    for (phaseModel& alpha : phases_)
    {
        alphaPhiCorrs.set
        (
            phasei,
            new surfaceScalarField
            (
                phi_.name() + alpha.name(),
                fvc::flux
                (
                    phi_,
                    alpha,
                    alphaScheme
                )
            )
        );
 
        surfaceScalarField& alphaPhiCorr = alphaPhiCorrs[phasei];
 
        for (phaseModel& alpha2 : phases_)
        {
            if (&alpha2 == &alpha) continue;
 
            surfaceScalarField phir(phic*nHatf(alpha, alpha2));
 
            alphaPhiCorr += fvc::flux
            (
                -fvc::flux(-phir, alpha2, alpharScheme),
                alpha,
                alpharScheme
            );
        }
 
        MULES::limit
        (
            1.0/mesh_.time().deltaT().value(),
            geometricOneField(),
            alpha,
            phi_,
            alphaPhiCorr,
            zeroField(),
            zeroField(),
            oneField(),
            zeroField(),
            true
        );
 
        ++phasei;
    }
 
    MULES::limitSum(alphaPhiCorrs);
 
    rhoPhi_ = dimensionedScalar(dimensionSet(1, 0, -1, 0, 0), Zero);
 
    volScalarField sumAlpha
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "sumAlpha",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimless, Zero)
    );
 
 
    volScalarField divU(fvc::div(fvc::absolute(phi_, U_)));
 
 
    phasei = 0;
 
    for (phaseModel& alpha : phases_)
    {
        surfaceScalarField& alphaPhi = alphaPhiCorrs[phasei];
        alphaPhi += upwind<scalar>(mesh_, phi_).flux(alpha);
 
        volScalarField::Internal Sp
        (
            IOobject
            (
                "Sp",
                mesh_.time().timeName(),
                mesh_
            ),
            mesh_,
            dimensionedScalar(alpha.dgdt().dimensions(), Zero)
        );
 
        volScalarField::Internal Su
        (
            IOobject
            (
                "Su",
                mesh_.time().timeName(),
                mesh_
            ),
            // Divergence term is handled explicitly to be
            // consistent with the explicit transport solution
            divU*min(alpha, scalar(1))
        );
 
        {
            const scalarField& dgdt = alpha.dgdt();
 
            forAll(dgdt, celli)
            {
                if (dgdt[celli] < 0.0 && alpha[celli] > 0.0)
                {
                    Sp[celli] += dgdt[celli]*alpha[celli];
                    Su[celli] -= dgdt[celli]*alpha[celli];
                }
                else if (dgdt[celli] > 0.0 && alpha[celli] < 1.0)
                {
                    Sp[celli] -= dgdt[celli]*(1.0 - alpha[celli]);
                }
            }
        }
 
        for (const phaseModel& alpha2 : phases_)
        {
            if (&alpha2 == &alpha) continue;
 
            const scalarField& dgdt2 = alpha2.dgdt();
 
            forAll(dgdt2, celli)
            {
                if (dgdt2[celli] > 0.0 && alpha2[celli] < 1.0)
                {
                    Sp[celli] -= dgdt2[celli]*(1.0 - alpha2[celli]);
                    Su[celli] += dgdt2[celli]*alpha[celli];
                }
                else if (dgdt2[celli] < 0.0 && alpha2[celli] > 0.0)
                {
                    Sp[celli] += dgdt2[celli]*alpha2[celli];
                }
            }
        }
 
        MULES::explicitSolve
        (
            geometricOneField(),
            alpha,
            alphaPhi,
            Sp,
            Su
        );
 
        rhoPhi_ += fvc::interpolate(alpha.thermo().rho())*alphaPhi;
 
        Info<< alpha.name() << " volume fraction, min, max = "
            << alpha.weightedAverage(mesh_.V()).value()
            << ' ' << min(alpha).value()
            << ' ' << max(alpha).value()
            << endl;
 
        sumAlpha += alpha;
 
        ++phasei;
    }
 
    Info<< "Phase-sum volume fraction, min, max = "
        << sumAlpha.weightedAverage(mesh_.V()).value()
        << ' ' << min(sumAlpha).value()
        << ' ' << max(sumAlpha).value()
        << endl;
 
    calcAlphas();
}
 
 
// ************************************************************************* //