comfort.C

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    Copyright (C) 2019 OpenFOAM Foundation
    Copyright (C) 2021 OpenCFD Ltd.
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    This file is part of OpenFOAM.
 
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    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
    for more details.
 
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#include "comfort.H"
#include "wallFvPatch.H"
#include "addToRunTimeSelectionTable.H"
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Static Data Members * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
namespace Foam
{
namespace functionObjects
{
    defineTypeNameAndDebug(comfort, 0);
    addToRunTimeSelectionTable(functionObject, comfort, dictionary);
}
}
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * Private Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::functionObjects::comfort::magU() const
{
    tmp<volScalarField> tmagU = mag(lookupObject<volVectorField>("U"));
    volScalarField& magU = tmagU.ref();
 
    // Flag to use the averaged velocity field in the domain.
    // Consistent with EN ISO 7730 but does not make physical sense
    if (meanVelocity_)
    {
        magU = magU.weightedAverage(mesh_.V());
    }
 
    return tmagU;
}
 
 
Foam::dimensionedScalar Foam::functionObjects::comfort::Trad() const
{
    dimensionedScalar Trad(Trad_);
 
    // The mean radiation is calculated by the mean wall temperatures
    // which are summed and divided by the area | only walls are taken into
    // account. This approach might be correct for a squared room but will
    // defintely be inconsistent for complex room geometries. The norm does
    // not provide any information about the calculation of this quantity.
    if (!TradSet_)
    {
        const volScalarField::Boundary& TBf =
            lookupObject<volScalarField>("T").boundaryField();
 
        scalar areaIntegral = 0;
        scalar TareaIntegral = 0;
 
        forAll(TBf, patchi)
        {
            const fvPatchScalarField& pT = TBf[patchi];
            const fvPatch& pTBf = TBf[patchi].patch();
            const scalarField& pSf = pTBf.magSf();
 
            if (isType<wallFvPatch>(pTBf))
            {
                areaIntegral += gSum(pSf);
                TareaIntegral += gSum(pSf*pT);
            }
        }
 
        Trad.value() = TareaIntegral/areaIntegral;
    }
 
    // Bounds based on EN ISO 7730
    if ((Trad.value() < 283.15) || (Trad.value() > 313.15))
    {
        WarningInFunction
            << "The calculated mean wall radiation temperature is out of the\n"
            << "bounds specified in EN ISO 7730:2005\n"
            << "Valid range is 10 degC < T < 40 degC\n"
            << "The actual value is: " << Trad - 273.15 << nl << endl;
    }
 
    return Trad;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::functionObjects::comfort::pSat() const
{
    static const dimensionedScalar kPaToPa(dimPressure, 1000);
    static const dimensionedScalar A(dimless, 16.6563);
    static const dimensionedScalar B(dimTemperature, 4030.183);
    static const dimensionedScalar C(dimTemperature, -38.15);
 
    tmp<volScalarField> tpSat = volScalarField::New("pSat", mesh_, pSat_);
 
    // Calculate the saturation pressure if no user input is given
    if (pSat_.value() == 0)
    {
        const auto& T = lookupObject<volScalarField>("T");
 
        // Equation based on ISO 7730:2006
        tpSat = kPaToPa*exp(A - B/(T + C));
    }
 
    return tpSat;
}
 
 
Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField> Foam::functionObjects::comfort::Tcloth
(
    volScalarField& hc,
    const dimensionedScalar& metabolicRateSI,
    const dimensionedScalar& extWorkSI,
    const volScalarField& T,
    const dimensionedScalar& Trad
)
{
    const dimensionedScalar factor1(dimTemperature, 308.85);
 
    const dimensionedScalar factor2
    (
        dimTemperature/metabolicRateSI.dimensions(),
        0.028
    );
 
    const dimensionedScalar factor3
    (
        dimMass/pow3(dimTime)/pow4(dimTemperature),
        3.96e-8
    );
 
    // Heat transfer coefficient based on forced convection [W/m^2/K]
    const volScalarField hcForced
    (
        dimensionedScalar(hc.dimensions()/sqrt(dimVelocity), 12.1)
       *sqrt(magU())
    );
 
    // Tcl [K] (surface cloth temperature)
    tmp<volScalarField> tTcl
    (
        volScalarField::New
        (
            "Tcl",
            T.mesh(),
            dimTemperature
        )
    );
    volScalarField& Tcl = tTcl.ref();
 
    // Initial guess
    Tcl = T;
 
    label i = 0;
 
    Tcl.storePrevIter();
 
    // Same temperatures as for the radiation
    const dimensionedScalar Tmin(dimTemperature, 283.15);
    const dimensionedScalar Tmax(dimTemperature, 313.15);
 
    // Iterative solving of equation (2)
    do
    {
        Tcl = (Tcl + Tcl.prevIter())/2;
        Tcl.storePrevIter();
 
        // Heat transfer coefficient based on natural convection
        volScalarField hcNatural
        (
            dimensionedScalar(hc.dimensions()/pow025(dimTemperature), 2.38)
           *pow025(mag(Tcl - T))
        );
 
        // Set heat transfer coefficient based on equation (3)
        hc =
            pos(hcForced - hcNatural)*hcForced
          + neg0(hcForced - hcNatural)*hcNatural;
 
        // Calculate surface temperature based on equation (2)
        Tcl =
            factor1
          - factor2*(metabolicRateSI - extWorkSI)
          - Icl_*factor3*fcl_*(pow4(Tcl) - pow4(Trad))
          - Icl_*fcl_*hc*(Tcl - T);
 
        // Make sure that Tcl is in some physical limit (same range as we used
        // for the radiative estimation - based on ISO EN 7730:2005)
        Tcl.clip(Tmin, Tmax);
 
    } while (!converged(Tcl) && i++ < maxClothIter_);
 
    if (i == maxClothIter_)
    {
        WarningInFunction
            << "The surface cloth temperature did not converge within " << i
            << " iterations" << nl;
    }
 
    return tTcl;
}
 
 
bool Foam::functionObjects::comfort::converged
(
    const volScalarField& phi
) const
{
    return
        max(mag(phi.primitiveField() - phi.prevIter().primitiveField()))
      < tolerance_;
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
Foam::functionObjects::comfort::comfort
(
    const word& name,
    const Time& runTime,
    const dictionary& dict
)
:
    fvMeshFunctionObject(name, runTime, dict),
    clothing_("clothing", dimless, 0),
    metabolicRate_("metabolicRate", dimMass/pow3(dimTime), 0.8),
    extWork_("extWork", dimMass/pow3(dimTime), 0),
    Trad_("Trad", dimTemperature, 0),
    relHumidity_("relHumidity", dimless, 0.5),
    pSat_("pSat", dimPressure, 0),
    Icl_("Icl", pow3(dimTime)*dimTemperature/dimMass, 0),
    fcl_("fcl", dimless, 0),
    tolerance_(1e-4),
    maxClothIter_(100),
    TradSet_(false),
    meanVelocity_(false)
{
    read(dict);
}
 
 
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions  * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
 
bool Foam::functionObjects::comfort::read(const dictionary& dict)
{
    if (fvMeshFunctionObject::read(dict))
    {
        clothing_.readIfPresent(dict);
        metabolicRate_.readIfPresent(dict);
        extWork_.readIfPresent(dict);
        pSat_.readIfPresent(dict);
        tolerance_ = dict.getOrDefault("tolerance", 1e-4);
        maxClothIter_ = dict.getOrDefault("maxClothIter", 100);
        meanVelocity_ = dict.getOrDefault<bool>("meanVelocity", false);
 
        // Read relative humidity if provided and convert from % to fraction
        if (dict.found(relHumidity_.name()))
        {
            relHumidity_.read(dict);
            relHumidity_ /= 100;
        }
 
        // Read radiation temperature if provided
        if (dict.found(Trad_.name()))
        {
            TradSet_ = true;
            Trad_.read(dict);
        }
 
        Icl_ = dimensionedScalar(Icl_.dimensions(), 0.155)*clothing_;
 
        fcl_.value() =
            Icl_.value() <= 0.078
          ? 1.0 + 1.290*Icl_.value()
          : 1.05 + 0.645*Icl_.value();
 
        return true;
    }
 
    return false;
}
 
 
bool Foam::functionObjects::comfort::execute()
{
    // Assign and build fields
    const dimensionedScalar Trad(this->Trad());
    const volScalarField pSat(this->pSat());
 
    const dimensionedScalar metabolicRateSI(58.15*metabolicRate_);
    const dimensionedScalar extWorkSI(58.15*extWork_);
 
    const auto& T = lookupObject<volScalarField>("T");
 
    // Heat transfer coefficient [W/m^2/K]
    // This field is updated in Tcloth()
    volScalarField hc
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "hc",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimMass/pow3(dimTime)/dimTemperature, 0)
    );
 
    // Calculate the surface temperature of the cloth by an iterative
    // process using equation (2) from DIN EN ISO 7730 [degC]
    const volScalarField Tcloth
    (
        this->Tcloth
        (
            hc,
            metabolicRateSI,
            extWorkSI,
            T,
            Trad
        )
    );
 
    // Calculate the PMV quantity
    const dimensionedScalar factor1(pow3(dimTime)/dimMass, 0.303);
    const dimensionedScalar factor2
    (
        dimless/metabolicRateSI.dimensions(),
        -0.036
    );
    const dimensionedScalar factor3(factor1.dimensions(), 0.028);
    const dimensionedScalar factor4(dimLength/dimTime, 3.05e-3);
    const dimensionedScalar factor5(dimPressure, 5733);
    const dimensionedScalar factor6(dimTime/dimLength, 6.99);
    const dimensionedScalar factor8(metabolicRateSI.dimensions(), 58.15);
    const dimensionedScalar factor9(dimless/dimPressure, 1.7e-5);
    const dimensionedScalar factor10(dimPressure, 5867);
    const dimensionedScalar factor11(dimless/dimTemperature, 0.0014);
    const dimensionedScalar factor12(dimTemperature, 307.15);
    const dimensionedScalar factor13
    (
        dimMass/pow3(dimTime)/pow4(dimTemperature),
        3.96e-8
    );
 
    const scalar factor7
    (
        // Special treatment of Term4
        // if metaRate - extWork < factor8, set to zero
        (metabolicRateSI - extWorkSI).value() < factor8.value() ? 0 : 0.42
    );
 
    Info<< "Calculating the predicted mean vote (PMV)" << endl;
 
    // Equation (1)
    tmp<volScalarField> PMV =
        (
            // Term1: Thermal sensation transfer coefficient
            (factor1*exp(factor2*metabolicRateSI) + factor3)
           *(
                (metabolicRateSI - extWorkSI)
 
                // Term2: Heat loss difference through skin
              - factor4
               *(
                    factor5
                  - factor6*(metabolicRateSI - extWorkSI)
                  - pSat*relHumidity_
                )
 
                // Term3: Heat loss through sweating
              - factor7*(metabolicRateSI - extWorkSI - factor8)
 
                // Term4: Heat loss through latent respiration
              - factor9*metabolicRateSI*(factor10 - pSat*relHumidity_)
 
                // Term5: Heat loss through dry respiration
              - factor11*metabolicRateSI*(factor12 - T)
 
                // Term6: Heat loss through radiation
              - factor13*fcl_*(pow4(Tcloth) - pow4(Trad))
 
                // Term7: Heat loss through convection
              - fcl_*hc*(Tcloth - T)
            )
        );
 
    Info<< "Calculating the predicted percentage of dissatisfaction (PPD)"
        << endl;
 
    // Equation (5)
    tmp<volScalarField> PPD =
        100 - 95*exp(-0.03353*pow4(PMV()) - 0.21790*sqr(PMV()));
 
    Info<< "Calculating the draught rating (DR)\n";
 
    const dimensionedScalar Umin(dimVelocity, 0.05);
    const dimensionedScalar Umax(dimVelocity, 0.5);
    const dimensionedScalar pre(dimless, 0.37);
    const dimensionedScalar C1(dimVelocity, 3.14);
 
    // Limit the velocity field to the values given in EN ISO 7733
    volScalarField Umag(mag(lookupObject<volVectorField>("U")));
    Umag.clip(Umin, Umax);
 
    // Calculate the turbulent intensity if turbulent kinetic energy field k
    // exists
    volScalarField TI
    (
        IOobject
        (
            "TI",
            mesh_.time().timeName(),
            mesh_
        ),
        mesh_,
        dimensionedScalar(dimless, 0)
    );
 
    if (foundObject<volScalarField>("k"))
    {
        const auto& k = lookupObject<volScalarField>("k");
        TI = sqrt(2/3*k)/Umag;
    }
 
    // For unit correctness
    const dimensionedScalar correctUnit
    (
        dimensionSet(0, -1.62, 1.62, -1, 0, 0, 0),
        1
    );
 
    // Equation (6)
    tmp<volScalarField> DR =
        correctUnit*(factor12 - T)*pow(Umag - Umin, 0.62)*(pre*Umag*TI + C1);
 
    // Workaround
    word fieldNamePMV = "PMV";
    word fieldNamePPD = "PPD";
    word fieldNameDR = "DR";
 
    return
        store(fieldNamePMV, PMV)
     && store(fieldNamePPD, PPD)
     && store(fieldNameDR, DR);
}
 
bool Foam::functionObjects::comfort::write()
{
    return
        writeObject("PMV")
     && writeObject("PPD")
     && writeObject("DR");
}
 
 
// ************************************************************************* //